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[Music]

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sapphire is really a series of six

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experiments all aimed at um spacecraft

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fire safety fire safety has been a

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a a big concern ever since we started

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flying you know crude vehicles into

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space a lot of uh research has been done

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the trouble is there's always a crew

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around and you've got to put it into a

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into a chamber and keep it confined and

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safe from the crew well that's where

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northrop grumman's

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the cygnus vehicle comes in it's it's

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the perfect vehicle for us to do what we

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really want to do and that's burn larger

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samples because it docks to the station

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um it ends up being filled with trash

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the crew closes the hatch and when it

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does it's at one atmosphere and 21

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oxygen and then it goes away and

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nobody's on it when we ran sapphire one

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two and three the sizes of the samples

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instead of running something you know

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the size of a note card was really

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something about the size of this about a

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meter long and about four tenths of a

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meter uh meter wide what we really want

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to do for sapphire four five and six is

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to take what we've learned here and

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really make a more sophisticated

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experiment and then also

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some of our tests are going to be

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conducted at a low pressure about 8.2

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psia and 34 percent oxygen and if you

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know things about combustion you start

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increasing the oxygen level

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the fire should become more energetic

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and those are the kinds of things that

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we're going to be doing on sapphire 4.

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a bacteriophage is a virus but it's a

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virus that only targets bacteria

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not our cells not human cells so it's

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these bacteria that are the prey to this

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predator this predator being the virus

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phage technology and looking at and

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trying to develop phages

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can be a new and novel approach to

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targeting and getting rid of pathogenic

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bacteria if you take a general

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antibiotic right now most of the

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bacteria get targeted well what if you

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could develop a phage that was highly

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specific

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to just the pathogen now you keep your

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gut microbiome intact

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you don't harm everything else but you

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get rid of that harmful bacteria now

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when you put it in space

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now we get a new environment because in

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space the one commonality about space is

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that biology changes

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so in this interaction we know that the

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target the host the bacteria which is e

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coli

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grows faster will the phage become more

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lethal

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will it become more specific to its its

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prey it's host it's the target the

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bacteria or will the bacteria win

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and become more resistant

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and be able to shed away and get away

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from that that virus how does this

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happen in space we have no idea that's

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why we go to space to do this project

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[Music]

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space provides a really

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unique environment to study

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phenomena like like bone and muscle loss

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because things happen so much faster and

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that increases the our ability to

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assess

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drug therapies and and exercise programs

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that can mitigate the loss of bone and

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muscle bone is a living tissue it's not

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a static piece of rock that's in your

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body what we're looking at is that

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pre-osteoblast those cells are on the

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verge of being a mature bone cell which

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can produce a lot of of the bone matrix

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that mineralizes and becomes south bone

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the question is how does space flight in

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microgravity specifically

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affect the um the changes in in this

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gene expression well the other thing

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we're going to be looking at is

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metabolic pathways that's occurring on

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the space station and that actually

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follows on with the genomic studies that

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we're doing so it gives you a more

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complete picture of what's happening to

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the cells this flight is a second time

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up for us we flew an experiment using

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these cells back in 2016. in this case

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we're looking at a much tighter

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environment and we have a greater number

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of cultures as well

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this is a scanning electron micrograph

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that i took from some debris that was

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collected by

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our crew members so currently the iss

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has a blind spot in which we cannot

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perform this analysis on orbit

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and

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it takes quite a while to get this

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debris back on earth

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and it's an even bigger problem

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when

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a sample return is not an option such as

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for deep exploration space flight so for

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the past few years my small company voxa

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has been working together with nasa to

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extend the capabilities on iss to

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be able to identify and study the

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structures uh a very small scale for

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small scale we're talking about things

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that are on the order of one to ten

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microns and maybe even smaller than that

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and this is a

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terrestrial instrument that we developed

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initially and extended its capabilities

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with nasa the strengths of electron

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microscopy are twofold the first is the

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ability to see very very small

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structures and down to the nanoscale

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and secondarily it has a capability of

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identifying

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the chemical composition in particular

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the atoms and the quantities of atoms

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inside that structure looking ahead when

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we start going to the moon

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building gateway and eventually to mars

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this platform which is really a research

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platform for future exploration will aid